WB · ACTIVE CONFLICT — Sudan Civil War Updated Jun 7

Drone Strike Kills 11 in North Kordofan Market; RSF Hits Omdurman, Damazin, and Abu Jubeiha in Coordinated Campaign

Estimated Deaths 150,000+ ▲
People Displaced 14 million+ ▲
Acutely Food Insecure 19.5 million (28.9M peak projected) ▲
Facing Starvation (IPC5) 400,000+ ▲
Displaced Children 6 million+ ▲
Children Out of School 17 million
In Need of Aid 34 million ▲
RSF Drone Strikes El-Obeid Fuel Station, North Kordofan — 4 Wounded Tier 2 Drone Strike on Abu Zaeima Market Kills 11 in North Kordofan; Concurrent RSF Strike Wounds 4 at El-Obeid Fuel Station Tier 2 RSF Launches Coordinated Drone Campaign: Omdurman, Ed Damazin, and Abu Jubeiha Simultaneously Targeted Tier 2 SAF Drone Strikes Claim Heavy RSF Losses in North Kordofan; SAF Intercepts RSF Drone Over White Nile Tier 2 Sudanese Refugees in Libya Face Escalating Threats as Anti-Foreigner Sentiment Surges Tier 2

Latest Events

LATESTJun 6, 2026 · 6 events

Military Operations

03

Military Operations

    Casualties

    04

    Humanitarian Impact

    Casualty figures by category with source tiers and contested status
    CategoryKilledInjuredSourceTierStatusNote
    Total Deaths (All Causes) 150,000+ (est.) Unknown US Special Envoy / ACLED Modeling / UN Official Heavily Contested Estimates range from 27,000 (UN verified) to 400,000 (US envoy high estimate). ACLED satellite modeling for Khartoum alone: 61,000+ deaths Apr 2023–Jun 2024. 90% of deaths go unrecorded.
    UN-Documented Violent Deaths 27,000+ 33,000+ UN OCHA / WHO Dec 2024 Official Contested UN direct count; widely acknowledged as severe undercount. Covers only verifiable deaths where data reached UN systems. Most deaths from Sudan's blackout zones never reach official records.
    Khartoum State Deaths (Modeled) 61,000+ (all causes, Apr 2023–Jun 2024) Unknown ACLED / Science Magazine 2024 Institutional Contested Satellite imagery and mortality modeling estimated 26,000+ intentional-injury deaths and 61,000+ all-cause deaths in Khartoum, a 50% increase over prewar mortality rate.
    El Geneina / West Darfur Massacre Deaths 10,000–15,000 Unknown UN Security Council Report / HRW 2024 Official Contested Deaths in El Geneina from April to November 2023. Sudanese Red Crescent counted 2,000 bodies before stopping. UN Security Council report estimated 10,000–15,000 total killed, predominantly Massalit civilians.
    Ardamata Massacre (El Geneina, Nov 8, 2023) 800–2,000 Unknown HRW / Radio Dabanga / OHCHR Major Contested RSF and Janjaweed massacred Massalit, Tama, and Erenga civilians in Ardamata neighborhood; ethnically targeted killings with mass sexual violence. One of the war's worst single-day atrocities.
    El Fasher RSF Massacre (Oct 2025) 1,500+ Unknown Al Jazeera / UN FFM Feb 2026 Major Contested RSF massacres after capture of El Fasher; primarily Zaghawa and Fur ethnic communities. UN FFM characterized as 'hallmarks of genocide.' Worst single war crime of the entire conflict per humanitarian experts.
    Zamzam IDP Camp Assault Deaths (Apr 2025) 300–1,500 157+ OCHA / MSF / WFP April 2025 Official Contested RSF assault on Zamzam IDP camp (500,000 residents) in April 2025. Majority of victims were women and children. WFP had paused food distributions to the camp weeks before the assault.
    Famine & Malnutrition Deaths Uncounted; hundreds daily at peak N/A MSF / WFP / IPC 2024 Official Contested MSF reported a child dying every 2 hours in Zamzam camp at peak famine conditions. 4.9 million children under 5 acutely malnourished. Experts believe starvation deaths exceed combat deaths.
    Aid Workers Killed 22+ Unknown OCHA / Aid Worker Security Database Official Verified At least 22 aid workers killed since April 2023, including staff from MSF, WFP, UNHCR, and national NGOs. Many more injured or kidnapped. Sudan became one of the world's most dangerous humanitarian operations.
    Sexual Violence Victims (Reported) N/A 3,396+ (MSF Darfur facilities Jan 2024–Nov 2025) MSF / UN FFM / OHCHR March 2026 Major Contested MSF documented 3,396 survivors (97% women and girls) treated at MSF facilities in North and South Darfur between January 2024 and November 2025 — described as 'only a fraction of the true scale.' RSF fighters frequently identified as perpetrators. UN FFM documented 400+ cases in first 16 months. Actual numbers vastly higher due to stigma and inaccessibility.
    Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) N/A N/A (12.1 million displaced) UNHCR / OCHA Dec 2024 Official Verified 9.3 million IDPs within Sudan as of December 2024; world's largest internal displacement crisis. Over 6 million are children. Most displaced from Khartoum, Darfur, and Gezira states.
    Refugees in Neighboring Countries N/A N/A (2.5 million refugees) UNHCR Dec 2024 Official Verified 2.5+ million Sudanese refugees in Chad (600,000+), Egypt (700,000+), South Sudan (400,000+), Ethiopia, and Libya. 90%+ of Darfur refugees arriving in Chad are women and children; 1 in 5 children arriving are acutely malnourished.
    Healthcare Attacks — People Killed 2,052+ Unknown WHO / OCHA / Al Jazeera April 2026 Official Verified WHO documented 2,052 people killed and 217+ attacks on healthcare facilities since April 2023 as of April 2026. The RSF drone strike on Al-Jabalain Hospital (April 3, 2026) killed 10 including 7 medical staff. 37% of Sudan's health facilities are now non-functional. 65% of Darfur's population deprived of basic medical services.

    Economic Impact

    05

    Economic & Market Impact

    GDP Contraction (2023) ▼ -12% from 2022
    -12%
    Source: IMF / World Bank 2023
    Inflation Rate ▲ Hyperinflation since 2023
    ~200%+
    Source: Sudan Central Bank / IMF estimates
    RSF Gold Revenue (Annual) ▲ Primary RSF war financing source
    $860M+
    Source: UN Sanctions Monitors / Crisis Group 2024
    Kenana Agro-Industrial Complex (Operational Capacity) ▼ Repeated RSF drone strikes since April 2026
    ~50% (est.)
    Source: Dabanga Radio TV Online / Sudan Tribune May 2026
    SAF Military-Economic Empire (Annual Revenue) ▼ Maintained through war via port/telecom/import control
    $2B+
    Source: IMF / Crisis Group Analysis 2024
    Food Price Increase (Khartoum) ▲ 300% increase since April 2023
    +300%
    Source: WFP Market Monitoring / Sudan Tribune 2024
    Agricultural Output (Gezira) ▼ Severe disruption from RSF occupation
    -60% (est.)
    Source: FAO / OCHA 2024
    Oil Production ▼ Collapsed from pre-war levels
    Near Zero
    Source: Sudan Ministry of Petroleum / Reuters
    UN Humanitarian Appeal Funding Gap ▼ Berlin Conference pledged €1.3B (Apr 15); 2026 appeal $2.9B requested, only 16% disbursed as of Apr 1 — pledges yet to materialize
    ~84% underfunded
    Source: OCHA Financial Tracking Service / Berlin Conference Apr 2026
    Sudanese Pound Devaluation ▼ Severe parallel market depreciation
    -85% (USD black market)
    Source: Sudan Transparency / Informal Market Data 2024
    Internet & Telecom Connectivity ▼ 80%+ disruption from war
    ~20% operational
    Source: NetBlocks / OCHA 2024
    Aviation Revenue Lost Since War (Apr 2023–Jun 2026) ▼ Gradual recovery: Khartoum reopened Apr 2026; Qatar Airways launches Doha–Port Sudan July 2, 2026
    $1B+
    Source: Sudan Civil Aviation Authority / Sudan Tribune / allAfrica June 2026

    Contested Claims

    06

    Contested Claims Matrix

    22 claims · click to expand
    Did UAE and Ethiopia coordinate drone attacks on Khartoum International Airport (May 2026)?
    Source A: Sudan Government / SAF
    Sudan's military presented documented technical evidence on May 5, 2026 that four drone attacks since March 1 originated from Ethiopia's Bahir Dar airport. A drone bearing serial number S88 was identified as Emirati-manufactured property. Sudan recalled its ambassador to Ethiopia, announced plans to submit evidence to the UN Security Council, and said it reserved the right to respond militarily. Foreign Minister Mohieddin Salem stated Sudan was 'ready to enter into open confrontation with Ethiopia if it becomes necessary.' Sudan framed the attacks as a coordinated UAE–Ethiopia effort to support the RSF's campaign against SAF infrastructure.
    Source B: UAE / Ethiopia
    Ethiopia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs rejected Sudan's accusations as 'baseless,' accusing Sudan's armed forces of supporting 'mercenaries' from the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) and violating Ethiopian sovereignty. The UAE denied any involvement in the Khartoum airport attack, reiterating its long-standing denial of supplying weapons to any party in Sudan's conflict. International powers including Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the US, and EU condemned the attacks without endorsing Sudan's specific accusations. No independent body verified the Bahir Dar launch origin.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: Unresolved as of May 9, 2026. Khartoum airport reopened May 8–9 after a 4-day closure; Badr Airlines resumed flights and Tarco/Sudanair announced resumption. Sudan's UNSC evidence package (serial numbers, radar tracks) advanced; UAE and Ethiopia maintain denials. No independent body has verified the Bahir Dar launch origin claim. Sudan's ambassador remains recalled from Addis Ababa. SAF has deployed troops and anti-aircraft systems to three Ethiopian border zones (East Gallabat, Basunda, Al-Fashaga) as a show of force.
    Who fired the first shot on April 15, 2023?
    Source A: SAF Position
    The SAF maintains that RSF launched the war by attacking military installations and the Presidential Palace without provocation. RSF's pre-positioning of troops near Merowe in April 2023 and their refusal to stand down constituted the first act of aggression, and RSF fighters attacked SAF General Command before SAF responded.
    Source B: RSF Position
    The RSF claimed SAF forces attacked RSF positions first and that RSF acted in self-defense. Hemedti accused Burhan of ordering a pre-emptive strike, stating SAF forces fired on RSF locations in Khartoum before 9 AM. The RSF framed its own attacks as defensive responses to SAF aggression.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: Unresolved; both sides have consistently denied responsibility. Independent investigators have been unable to conclusively determine who fired first given the near-simultaneous nature of attacks at multiple sites.
    Do RSF actions in Darfur constitute genocide?
    Source A: UN / US / HRW
    The US government formally declared in January 2025 that RSF and allied militias committed genocide against the Massalit and other non-Arab communities in Darfur. The UN Fact-Finding Mission found 'hallmarks of genocide' in El Fasher (Feb 2026). HRW documented systematic ethnic targeting of Massalit, Fur, and Zaghawa communities. RSF fighters reportedly stated intent to 'eliminate anything black from Darfur.'
    Source B: RSF / UAE
    The RSF has denied genocide allegations, claiming its operations targeted armed militias and terrorists rather than civilian populations. UAE, RSF's primary financial backer, denied that weapons and financing it provided were used for genocide. RSF leadership characterized their actions as counter-insurgency against non-Arab armed groups defending their communities.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: US formally designated RSF genocide (Jan 7, 2025). UN FFM found 'hallmarks of genocide' (Feb 2026). US House Foreign Affairs Committee passed bipartisan 44–2 resolution calling for RSF terrorist designation (May 14, 2026). Al-Burhan formally derecognized RSF as a state institution (May 18, 2026). ICC investigation ongoing in Darfur. RSF and UAE deny all genocide designations.
    Is the UAE providing weapons to the RSF?
    Source A: UN Monitors / Sudan SAF
    UN Security Council sanctions monitors named the UAE in 2024 as involved in aiding the RSF with weapons and financing. Sudan's SAF government formally severed diplomatic relations with the UAE and expelled its ambassador. Independent researchers documented UAE-marked weapons in RSF-held areas. The RSF's Al Junaid corporation smuggles gold primarily to the UAE, which provides hard currency for weapons purchases.
    Source B: UAE Government
    The UAE denied providing weapons or financing to the RSF. Abu Dhabi called UN sanctions reports 'inaccurate' and rejected the accusations as politically motivated. UAE officials maintained they supported a negotiated peace process and humanitarian assistance to Sudan without taking sides. The UAE acknowledged business ties with RSF-affiliated gold mining operations but denied these constituted weapons financing.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: UN sanctions monitors formally accused UAE of RSF weapons support in 2024. Sudan severed UAE diplomatic ties. Investigation ongoing; UAE denies all allegations.
    How many people have died in Sudan's civil war?
    Source A: High Estimates (US Envoy / Researchers)
    Former US Special Envoy for Sudan Tom Perriello suggested as many as 400,000 people have died since April 2023. ACLED satellite modeling estimated more than 26,000 deaths from intentional injury in Khartoum alone between April 2023 and June 2024, with 61,000 total deaths—50% above prewar rates. Researchers note 90% of Khartoum deaths go unrecorded due to blackout conditions.
    Source B: Lower Estimates (UN Direct Count)
    UN agencies directly documented approximately 27,000 deaths and 33,000 injuries since April 2023 as of late 2024. These figures reflect only verified, directly counted deaths. The UN acknowledged its figures are severe undercounts due to access restrictions, media blackouts, and collapse of health reporting systems across war zones.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: Deeply contested due to access restrictions; estimates range from 27,000 (UN verified) to 400,000 (US envoy estimate). Scientific modeling suggests the true figure is in the range of 150,000+. Most experts agree real numbers are far higher than officially reported.
    What was the correct RSF-SAF integration timeline?
    Source A: SAF / Political Transition Framework
    The SAF and civilian transition parties agreed that RSF should be integrated into the Sudanese Armed Forces within 2 years under the 2022 Framework Agreement. Full integration was viewed as essential for Sudan's democratic transition. SAF leadership insisted on civilian control of the military and a unified chain of command as prerequisites for handing power to civilians.
    Source B: RSF / Hemedti
    The RSF demanded a 10-year timeline for integration, arguing that rapid absorption would destroy RSF's identity and leave its fighters vulnerable. Hemedti also demanded that RSF officers retain their ranks and that the RSF not be placed under army command until political transition was complete. The RSF saw a short timeline as an SAF power grab designed to eliminate a rival force.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: The integration dispute remained unresolved at the time of war outbreak in April 2023. The 2-year vs. 10-year impasse was the primary stated trigger for war.
    Have SAF airstrikes unlawfully killed civilians?
    Source A: SAF / Government Position
    The SAF maintained that airstrikes targeted legitimate military objectives—RSF command posts, weapons depots, and troop concentrations—even in urban areas. The SAF argued RSF's deliberate use of civilian neighborhoods and buildings as military bases created RSF responsibility for collateral civilian harm. SAF denied targeting civilian-only areas.
    Source B: UN / HRW / Amnesty
    The UN Fact-Finding Mission concluded that SAF airstrikes in Khartoum, Omdurman, and other cities caused widespread civilian casualties and destruction of civilian infrastructure. Amnesty International documented SAF strikes on markets, hospitals, and residential areas with no discernible military purpose. HRW reported over 145 healthcare facilities hit by both sides, with evidence of SAF responsibility for several direct strikes.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: UN FFM (Sept 2024) concluded both SAF and RSF committed international humanitarian law violations. SAF sanctioned by US for aid obstruction (2025). ICC investigation covers both parties.
    How much of Khartoum did the RSF actually control?
    Source A: RSF Claims
    The RSF repeatedly claimed to control the Presidential Palace, all three international airports, state media facilities, and most of Khartoum's residential areas from the opening hours of April 15, 2023. RSF communications boasted control of 80-90% of Khartoum within the first week. Hemedti stated the RSF had 'entered Khartoum' and seized its institutions.
    Source B: SAF / Independent Assessment
    The SAF disputed RSF claims of controlling key strategic sites. Satellite imagery and ACLED analysis confirmed RSF controlled most residential Khartoum by mid-2023 but that SAF retained control of its General Command headquarters, parts of Khartoum East, and several military installations. Full RSF control was never achieved even at the height of RSF dominance.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: Independent satellite and ACLED analysis confirmed RSF controlled 60-70% of Khartoum residential areas by mid-2023, with SAF retaining military complexes. SAF recaptured most of Khartoum by March 2025.
    Is the RSF the same as the Janjaweed responsible for the 2003-2010 Darfur genocide?
    Source A: HRW / Survivors / Darfur Communities
    Human rights organizations and Darfur survivor communities maintain that the RSF was formally institutionalized from Janjaweed militias in 2013 under President Omar al-Bashir, making it a direct organizational successor. RSF fighters in West Darfur in 2023 referred to themselves as Arab militias and used the same ethnic targeting patterns as the 2003-era Janjaweed. Massalit survivors identified RSF commanders as former Janjaweed leaders.
    Source B: RSF / UAE / Some Analysts
    RSF leadership argued the force was a reformed, professional institution distinct from informal Janjaweed militias. Hemedti, himself a former Janjaweed commander, claimed to have professionalized RSF into a conventional military force with command accountability. Supporters argued the RSF 2023 atrocities represented command failures rather than institutional continuation of genocide policy.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: The direct organizational link between Janjaweed and RSF is documented. The US genocide determination and UN FFM findings affirm continuity of ethnically targeted violence against the same non-Arab communities.
    Is starvation being deliberately used as a weapon of war in Sudan?
    Source A: UN / WFP / Aid Organizations
    The UN Fact-Finding Mission explicitly concluded that the RSF used starvation as a method of warfare, constituting a war crime. Both RSF and SAF restricted humanitarian access: RSF blocked aid convoys, looted WFP supplies, and besieged populated cities including El Fasher. SAF restricted cross-border humanitarian operations into Darfur and denied access to RSF-held areas. The resulting famine in Zamzam camp (declared August 2024) was a foreseeable consequence.
    Source B: SAF Government
    The SAF government denied deliberately blocking aid, attributing access restrictions to legitimate security concerns and RSF interference with supply routes. SAF authorized cross-border aid to Darfur in late 2024 under international pressure but cited RSF use of humanitarian corridors for weapons smuggling as justification for controls. The SAF characterized RSF-held areas as beyond its security responsibility.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: UN FFM concluded both parties restricted humanitarian access as a method of war; RSF found responsible for deliberate starvation. US sanctioned Burhan (SAF) in 2025 for aid obstruction. Famine IPC Phase 5 confirmed in multiple areas.
    Who bears responsibility for civilian deaths during the El Fasher siege?
    Source A: UN / HRW / International Community
    The UN and human rights organizations placed primary responsibility on the RSF for besieging El Fasher and deliberately targeting the civilian population. The RSF attacked IDP camps, humanitarian supply routes, and the Teaching Hospital. UN investigators warned repeatedly that RSF's siege would constitute crimes against humanity if continued. The RSF's stated intent to capture the city would, in UN experts' view, 'complete the genocide' in Darfur.
    Source B: RSF Position
    The RSF claimed its operations targeted SAF military positions within El Fasher and that civilians were harmed due to SAF's use of the city as a military stronghold. RSF accused SAF of deliberately sheltering behind civilian population. The RSF disputed IDP camp attack allegations, claiming it targeted armed groups operating from within camps.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: UN FFM found 'hallmarks of genocide' in RSF's El Fasher campaign. RSF captured El Fasher in October 2025; subsequent massacres documented. ICC investigation ongoing.
    Is the RSF's 'Government of Peace and Unity' a legitimate government?
    Source A: RSF / RSF Backers
    The RSF and its foreign supporters argue the RSF-backed 'Government of Peace and Unity' declared in Nyala in February 2025 represents legitimate governance over Darfur and other RSF-held territories. The RSF charter declared secular democracy and decentralization, positioning the RSF as an anti-military progressive force. Some civic leaders in RSF areas signed the charter under unclear conditions.
    Source B: SAF / AU / International Community
    The international community, African Union, and the vast majority of states refused to recognize the RSF's parallel government. The AU condemned the declaration as an unconstitutional act threatening Sudan's territorial integrity and sovereignty. The SAF's Port Sudan government retains international recognition. Critics noted that signatories to the RSF charter operated under RSF military occupation with no free civic space.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: Internationally unrecognized. The AU condemned it and called for preservation of Sudanese sovereignty. As of March 2026, no UN member state has extended recognition to the RSF government.
    Why did the Jeddah peace talks fail — and what is the status of new Jeddah diplomacy in 2026?
    Source A: SAF / SAF Supporters
    The SAF suspended 2023 Jeddah talks citing RSF bad faith: RSF continued military operations during ceasefire periods and used discussions as cover to reposition forces. SAF argued the Jeddah process was unworkable because the RSF would not accept civilian authority. In May 2026, SAF formally derecognized RSF as a state institution (May 18) and removed Hemedti from the Transitional Sovereignty Council (May 19), signaling that SAF views its military position as strong enough to pursue total victory rather than negotiated settlement.
    Source B: RSF / RSF Allies
    The RSF accused SAF of demanding impossible preconditions and continuing airstrikes during 2023 negotiations. In 2026, the RSF signed the Treaty of Jeddah (May 20, 2026) — a humanitarian framework agreement — alongside SAF, suggesting the RSF still sees value in US-Saudi mediation frameworks. However, the RSF continues military operations and maintains its parallel 'Government of Peace and Unity' in Nyala, indicating the treaty is treated as a humanitarian management tool rather than a pathway to political settlement.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: 2023 Jeddah talks collapsed in August 2023. In May 2026, SAF and RSF held direct talks in Jeddah for the first time (May 6) and signed the Treaty of Jeddah (May 20), a narrow humanitarian framework agreement on civilian protection. SAF's simultaneous derecognition of RSF (May 18) and Hemedti's TSC removal (May 19) demonstrate that the Treaty of Jeddah does not represent a political peace process — it is a humanitarian side agreement while both parties pursue military victory. As of early June 2026, a 'Quad for Sudan' diplomatic initiative (US, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE) is gaining momentum: US Deputy Secretary Landau and Africa Advisor Massad Boulos met regional counterparts; Egyptian President al-Sisi subsequently visited UAE President MBZ. The Quad framework aims to build on Treaty of Jeddah momentum but faces the fundamental obstacle of SAF's formal exclusion of RSF from any political process (May 18 derecognition).
    What is the scale of sexual violence in Sudan's war?
    Source A: UN / HRW / Survivors
    The UN Fact-Finding Mission documented 400+ women who sought medical care for sexual violence between April 2023 and July 2024, acknowledging real numbers are 'far higher.' HRW documented systematic RSF sexual violence as a weapon of war in Darfur, Khartoum, and Gezira. Survivor testimonies describe mass rape during RSF attacks on neighborhoods. Doctors treating victims reported seeing patterns consistent with organized, military-ordered sexual violence.
    Source B: RSF Position
    The RSF denied using sexual violence as a systematic weapon of war, attributing reported incidents to actions by individual fighters acting outside orders. RSF leadership claimed to have disciplined fighters found guilty of sexual violence. RSF dismissed comprehensive documentation as politically motivated propaganda by pro-SAF or Western actors seeking to delegitimize RSF governance.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: UN FFM concluded sexual violence was systematic and widespread. Both RSF and SAF forces have been implicated, with RSF bearing the greater documented responsibility. ICC investigation includes sexual violence as a focus.
    Was the October 2021 military coup justified?
    Source A: SAF/RSF Coup Leaders
    Gen. al-Burhan and Hemedti justified the October 2021 coup by citing what they described as political dysfunction and civilian government incompetence that endangered Sudan's stability. They claimed the military was protecting the revolution from rival civilian factions engaged in corruption and power struggles. Military officials argued a brief military stewardship was necessary to stabilize the transition before returning to democracy.
    Source B: Civilian Forces / International Community
    The Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC), the UN, AU, US, and EU condemned the coup as an illegal seizure of power that betrayed Sudan's 2019 democratic revolution. Massive civilian protests (the 'marches of millions') demanded military withdrawal from politics. PM Hamdok, reinstated briefly under pressure, said the coup had 'created a political crisis that threatens the whole transition.' The coup's failure to deliver stability proved the critics correct.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: Internationally condemned. PM Hamdok resigned January 2022. Coup directly created conditions for the 2023 war between coup partners al-Burhan and Hemedti.
    Does the RSF use gold revenues to finance the war?
    Source A: UN Monitors / Researchers
    UN sanctions monitors, Crisis Group, and independent researchers documented that the RSF's Al Junaid Multi-Activities Corporation controls gold mines generating an estimated $860 million annually in Darfur alone. Gold is predominantly smuggled to the UAE, providing RSF with hard currency for weapons, salaries, and operations. Gold revenues have financed RSF military campaigns throughout the war, enabling continued fighting despite international sanctions.
    Source B: RSF / UAE
    The RSF and UAE characterized Al Junaid's gold operations as legal commercial activities predating the war, arguing they do not constitute war financing. RSF denied that gold revenues specifically fund military operations, framing Al Junaid as a civilian economic enterprise distinct from the RSF's military command. The UAE denied that gold purchased from Al Junaid-affiliated sources constituted violation of any sanctions regime.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: UN sanctions monitors documented the financial flows in 2024. The US Treasury sanctioned RSF-linked gold companies. Sudan formally accused UAE of enabling RSF financing. Dispute ongoing.
    Were Hemedti and Burhan equal partners in the 2021 coup?
    Source A: Military Historians / Crisis Group
    Analysis by Crisis Group and Sudan researchers characterized the October 2021 coup as a joint Burhan-Hemedti operation with both generals sharing power. Hemedti was publicly present alongside Burhan during the coup announcement and was part of the post-coup Sovereignty Council. Burhan held the nominal position of chairman, but Hemedti's RSF provided critical military muscle. The partnership of equals was always fragile given RSF-SAF institutional rivalry.
    Source B: SAF / Burhan Allies
    SAF-aligned accounts characterized the coup as primarily a military institution action led by Gen. Burhan as Sudan's senior military commander, with RSF as a subordinate partner. This framing positioned Hemedti as a junior partner whose subsequent insistence on RSF parity represented overreach. SAF narrative portrayed Hemedti's power claims as RSF expansion beyond its appropriate role.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: Historical evidence shows co-equal participation in the coup's execution. The power-sharing arrangement's breakdown directly led to the 2023 war.
    Is Sudan's famine a deliberate act or collateral damage of war?
    Source A: UN / WFP / Aid Organizations
    UN experts concluded that Sudan's famine conditions, including those in Zamzam camp, resulted from deliberate actions by both parties: RSF siege of El Fasher cutting food supplies, RSF attacks on agricultural areas and water infrastructure, SAF restrictions on cross-line aid, and both sides looting humanitarian aid. The UN Fact-Finding Mission explicitly stated RSF used starvation as a method of warfare. The predictability of famine given documented access restrictions demonstrated intentionality.
    Source B: SAF Government
    SAF government representatives argued that famine was an unintended consequence of war disruption, compounded by pre-existing food insecurity and climate pressures. The SAF blamed RSF for creating famine conditions by occupying agricultural land and blocking aid routes in areas under RSF control. SAF pointed to its authorization of cross-border aid access in 2024 as evidence it did not deliberately pursue famine as a policy tool.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: IPC declared famine (Phase 5) in Zamzam camp August 2024. UN FFM concluded deliberate starvation tactics used primarily by RSF. US sanctioned Burhan in 2025 partly for SAF aid obstruction.
    Did Iran's support enable the SAF counteroffensive?
    Source A: Analysts / Media Reports
    Multiple analysts and media reports cited Iranian-supplied drone technology — including Shahed-type loitering munitions — as significantly enhancing SAF strike capabilities during the 2024-2025 counteroffensive. SAF's ability to conduct sustained precision strikes on RSF positions in Omdurman and Khartoum reportedly reflected new Iranian drone systems, analogous to Iran's drone supply to Russia in Ukraine. The SAF counteroffensive gains coincided closely with reported delivery of Iranian hardware.
    Source B: SAF Government / Iran
    The SAF government did not publicly confirm receipt of Iranian military equipment, though it did not deny it either. Iran denied providing arms to the SAF. SAF officials attributed counteroffensive success to Sudanese military professionalism, local initiative, and improved tactics rather than foreign weapons. Some analysts cautioned that RSF overextension and supply problems, rather than specific weapons systems, drove SAF gains.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: Unconfirmed by either party. Analysts assess Iranian drone supply as likely based on available evidence. SAF counteroffensive gains corroborated as substantial regardless of equipment origin.
    Is a civilian-led democratic transition still possible in Sudan?
    Source A: Civilian Forces / International Community
    Sudanese civilian groups, led by the Forces of Freedom and Change and the Taqaddum coalition, maintain that a political settlement including civilian governance remains essential and possible. They point to the 2022 Framework Agreement as a viable blueprint. International mediators including the AU, US, and Saudi Arabia have consistently called for civilian inclusion in any peace process. Sudan's 2019 revolution demonstrated strong grassroots democratic aspiration.
    Source B: Realist Analysts / War Outcome Logic
    Many Sudan analysts assess that both SAF and RSF are militarized institutions with no genuine interest in civilian oversight. With both sides pursuing military victory, the two-rival-government reality of 2025 suggests Sudan is drifting toward de facto partition rather than democratic transition. The displacement of 12 million people and destruction of state institutions makes civilian governance capacity extremely limited for the foreseeable future.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: Unresolved; ongoing. No active peace negotiations as of March 2026. Two rival governments in place. International community continues to call for ceasefire and civilian inclusion but lacks leverage.
    Did RSF commit atrocities during the capture and occupation of Wad Madani?
    Source A: Survivors / HRW / Sudan Tribune
    Survivors and human rights organizations reported widespread looting, sexual violence, and killings in Wad Madani during and after RSF capture in December 2023. Gezira State had been regarded as a safe area until RSF arrived; the fall was a massive shock. Radio Dabanga documented hundreds of cases of looting and extortion. Thousands fled immediately as RSF imposed 'taxes' and seized property.
    Source B: RSF Position
    RSF leadership claimed its forces entered Wad Madani in a disciplined military operation targeting SAF, portraying the city's population as welcoming RSF as a liberating force from an unpopular military government. The RSF denied systematic atrocities, attributing incidents to rogue fighters or criminal elements taking advantage of the transition of control.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: Independent documentation from HRW, Radio Dabanga, and survivor accounts confirms widespread RSF looting, sexual violence, and extortion during Wad Madani occupation (Dec 2023–Jan 2025). SAF recaptured the city January 2025.
    Does the conflict in West Darfur meet the legal definition of genocide?
    Source A: US Government / UN FFM / Genocide Watch
    The US State Department formally declared in January 2025 that RSF and allied militias committed genocide against the Massalit in Darfur. The UN Fact-Finding Mission found evidence establishing three underlying acts of genocide in Darfur, particularly in West Darfur and El Fasher. Genocide Watch issued a 'Genocide Emergency' for Sudan in January 2025. The pattern of systematic killing, ethnic targeting, and explicit statements by RSF fighters about exterminating non-Arab communities meets the Genocide Convention's standards.
    Source B: RSF / Some Legal Scholars
    The RSF denied genocide intent, the key legal element distinguishing genocide from ethnic cleansing or crimes against humanity. Some international law scholars cautioned that proving 'specific intent to destroy' a group legally requires higher evidentiary standards than available. The ICC has not yet issued genocide charges in relation to the current conflict, and establishing genocide through international courts is a lengthy process.
    ⚖ RESOLUTION: US formal genocide designation (Jan 7, 2025). UN FFM 'hallmarks of genocide' (Feb 2026). ICC investigation ongoing. RSF denies. Legal proceedings required for formal international judicial determination.

    Political Landscape

    07

    Political & Diplomatic

    M
    Mohieddin Salem
    Sudan Foreign Minister (SAF government); recalled ambassador to Ethiopia on May 5, 2026 and announced Sudan's plan to submit UAE drone evidence to the UN Security Council
    saf
    Whoever attacks us will be met with a response. Sudan is ready to enter into open confrontation with Ethiopia if it becomes necessary. We will not initiate attacks, but we will defend our sovereignty.
    Y
    Lt. Gen. Yasser al-Atta
    SAF Chief of Staff (appointed April 2026); part of Burhan's April 12 reshuffle of 21 generals — the largest command shakeup since the war began. Replaces Gen. Othman al-Hussein.
    saf
    The armed forces will pursue the war to its conclusion and restore the Sudanese state across all its territory. No rebel force will be allowed to persist.
    B
    Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
    SAF Commander-in-Chief; Head of State. On Eid al-Adha (May 27, 2026), announced plans to convene a 'comprehensive political dialogue' inside Sudan to formulate principles for a new governance structure and civilian democratic transition, explicitly excluding groups 'whose hands are dripping with the blood of the Sudanese people' — an overt reference to the RSF. The announcement signals SAF's intent to build a post-RSF political framework while pursuing military victory. Earlier May 2026 milestones: returned to Khartoum (May 14); Gulf diplomatic tour, meeting Bahrain's King; issued executive order derecognizing RSF as state institution (May 18); formally removed Hemedti from Transitional Sovereignty Council and appointed Malik Agar as replacement (May 19). Oversaw government's formal return to Khartoum from Port Sudan and the Central Bank's resumption of capital operations.
    saf
    All national forces will be invited to dialogue to formulate principles of governance to unite Sudan. Those whose hands are dripping with the blood of the Sudanese people will not be included.
    H
    Gen. Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti)
    RSF Commander; Head of RSF 'Government of Peace and Unity'. Formally stripped of Transitional Sovereignty Council deputy role by al-Burhan decree on May 19, 2026 (Malik Agar appointed replacement). RSF signed Treaty of Jeddah on May 20, 2026 — a humanitarian framework agreement — despite SAF's formal derecognition of RSF two days earlier. Facing compounding crises: three senior commanders defected since March 2026, brother Algoney EU-sanctioned (May 2026), hometown Al Zorg destroyed by SAF airstrike (May 14, 64 killed including two relatives), payroll crisis following derecognition order. SAF Nyala aerial campaign (May 15–19+) targets his headquarters city. Claimed force of 450,000; declared willingness to fight until 2040.
    rsf
    We fight for the people of Sudan. The army wants to return Sudan to the dark days of the Bashir regime, and we will not allow it.
    H
    Abdalla Hamdok
    Former Prime Minister (2019–2022); Taqaddum Civilian Coalition Leader
    World Leader
    What is happening in Sudan is a war of generals who are fighting over power and wealth, at the expense of the Sudanese people and their democratic aspirations.
    K
    Khamis Abakar
    West Darfur Governor (assassinated June 14, 2023)
    darfur
    What is happening in West Darfur is genocide. The RSF and the Arab militias are committing massacres against the Masalit people.
    M
    Minni Minnawi
    Sudan Liberation Army (SLA-MM) Leader; North Darfur Governor
    darfur
    El Fasher must not fall. If El Fasher falls, the genocide will be complete. The international community must act before it is too late.
    J
    Jibril Ibrahim
    Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) Leader; Finance Minister (SAF government)
    darfur
    The RSF is a criminal organization that must be dismantled. There can be no peace in Sudan until the RSF is defeated and disarmed.
    V
    Volker Perthes
    UN Special Envoy for Sudan (2021–2024)
    UN / Intl
    There is no military solution to this conflict. Both parties must commit to a genuine ceasefire and return to negotiations to spare the Sudanese people further suffering.
    R
    Ramtane Lamamra
    Former African Union High Representative / Former UN Envoy for Sudan (replaced Feb 2026)
    UN / Intl
    The African Union calls on both parties to immediately cease hostilities and engage in dialogue. Sudan's crisis threatens the stability of the entire region.
    P
    Pekka Haavisto
    UN Secretary-General's Personal Envoy for Sudan (appointed Feb 2026)
    UN / Intl
    The United Nations remains committed to facilitating a ceasefire and protecting civilians. We call on all parties to engage with the peace process in good faith.
    T
    Tom Fletcher
    UN Emergency Relief Coordinator (OCHA), from 2025; issued landmark April 22, 2026 warning that the world is failing Sudan
    UN / Intl
    This grim and chastening anniversary marks another year when the world has failed to meet the test of Sudan. Nearly 34 million people — 65% of the population — are in urgent need of humanitarian support. We cannot fail them again.
    M
    Martin Griffiths
    Former UN Emergency Relief Coordinator (OCHA) (2019–2025)
    UN / Intl
    Sudan is now the world's largest humanitarian crisis. Never in modern history have so many people faced starvation and famine as in Sudan today.
    T
    Tom Perriello
    US Special Envoy for Sudan (2024–2025)
    World Leader
    The death toll in Sudan may be as high as 400,000 people. This is one of the worst humanitarian disasters in the world and the international response has been wholly inadequate.
    S
    Sameh Shoukry
    Egyptian Foreign Minister; SAF diplomatic ally
    World Leader
    Egypt fully supports the legitimate Sudanese Armed Forces in their effort to restore order and state authority. Sudan's security is directly linked to Egypt's security.
    D
    Mahamat Déby
    President of Chad; humanitarian border management
    World Leader
    Chad cannot close its border to Sudanese brothers fleeing the war. But we need urgent international support to address this massive refugee crisis.
    O
    Osman Hussein
    Sudan's UN Ambassador (SAF government representative)
    saf
    We call on the Security Council to take decisive action against the RSF and those who fund them. The UAE's role in financing this genocide cannot continue without consequences.
    M
    Mariam al-Mahdi
    National Umma Party; Democratic Unionist civilian opposition
    World Leader
    Both generals must be held accountable. This war was started by two military men fighting over power — neither represents the democratic aspirations of the Sudanese people.
    A
    Abdelaziz al-Hilu
    Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) Leader, South Kordofan
    World Leader
    The war between SAF and RSF has created an opportunity to resolve Sudan's structural problems through a secular democratic state, but the international community ignores Sudan's marginalized peoples.
    F
    Filippo Grandi
    UNHCR High Commissioner for Refugees
    UN / Intl
    Sudan now has the world's largest displacement crisis. Twelve million people have been forced from their homes in a war that has been largely ignored by the international community.
    A
    Abdallah Adam Ismail
    Massalit community leader; West Darfur survivor advocate
    darfur
    The Massalit are being exterminated. We had nothing to do with this war between the generals. The RSF targeted us because of who we are — Massalit, Africans, not Arab.
    B
    Massad Boulos
    US Senior Advisor for Africa (Trump Administration); leading US push for a humanitarian truce in Sudan. Proposed demilitarization-first ceasefire backed by UN oversight mechanism for El Fasher and parts of Kordofan.
    World Leader
    The United States is deeply committed to achieving a ceasefire in Sudan. The humanitarian toll is catastrophic and the international community must do more to end this conflict.
    A
    Malik Agar
    Leader of SPLM-N (Agar faction); appointed Transitional Sovereignty Council Deputy by al-Burhan on May 19, 2026 — formally replacing Hemedti. Former Blue Nile rebel commander who signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement. His TSC appointment signals SAF's strategy of integrating reconciled armed movements into the political framework while formally excluding the RSF.
    World Leader
    The Juba Peace Agreement offers Sudan's marginalized people a legitimate path. We will not allow the RSF's destructive war to erase the gains of two decades of negotiation.
    K
    Kamil Idris
    Sudan Prime Minister (SAF government, appointed late 2025); former Director-General of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and longtime diplomat. On June 2, 2026, inspected Port Sudan International Airport and issued development directives to improve operational efficiency as the city serves as Sudan's de facto wartime capital.
    saf
    Port Sudan must be developed into a world-class gateway. With Khartoum recovering from war, our Red Sea capital must serve as the engine of Sudan's reconstruction.

    Timeline

    01

    Historical Timeline

    2013 – Present
    MilitaryDiplomaticHumanitarianEconomicActive
    Prewar Tensions (2021–Apr 2023)
    Oct 25, 2021
    Military Coup Ousts Civilian Government
    Dec 5, 2021
    Hamdok Reinstated, Then Resigns
    2013
    RSF Formally Created from Janjaweed Militias
    Apr 11, 2019
    Omar al-Bashir Overthrown in Military Coup
    Dec 5, 2022
    Political Framework Agreement Signed
    Apr 11, 2023
    RSF Deploys Near Merowe, Tensions Peak
    War Erupts: Khartoum Under Fire (Apr–May 2023)
    Apr 15, 2023
    War Breaks Out in Khartoum
    Apr 15, 2023
    RSF Storms Gen. Burhan's Residence
    Apr 16, 2023
    EU Ambassador Assaulted, US Convoy Fired Upon
    Apr 25, 2023
    US-Saudi 72-Hour Ceasefire Immediately Violated
    Apr 22, 2023
    Foreign Nations Evacuate Nationals from Khartoum
    May 25, 2023
    UN Security Council Demands Immediate Ceasefire in Sudan
    May 6, 2023
    Jeddah Peace Talks Begin Under US-Saudi Mediation
    Battle for Khartoum & Darfur Erupts (Jun–Nov 2023)
    Apr 24, 2023
    RSF Attacks Massalit Neighborhoods in El Geneina
    Jun 14, 2023
    West Darfur Governor Khamis Abakar Assassinated
    Jun 15, 2023
    RSF Opens Fire on Civilian Evacuation Convoy in El Geneina
    Jul 2023
    RSF Consolidates Control Across Most of Khartoum
    Jul 13, 2023
    UN Discovers Mass Grave of 87 Massalit near El Geneina
    Aug 2023
    Jeddah Peace Talks Officially Collapse
    Jun 2023
    MSF and ICRC Suspend Operations After Aid Workers Killed
    Jun 2023
    West Darfur State Falls Entirely to RSF
    Oct 2023
    RSF Captures Nyala, Capital of South Darfur
    Nov 8, 2023
    Ardamata Massacre: Up to 2,000 Killed in El Geneina
    Dec 6, 2023
    US Declares RSF Committed Crimes Against Humanity in Darfur
    Dec 19, 2023
    RSF Seizes Wad Madani, Capital of Gezira State
    Humanitarian Collapse & Darfur Siege (Jan–Aug 2024)
    May 2024
    RSF Begins Siege of El Fasher — Last SAF Hold in Darfur
    Aug 2024
    Famine Declared in Zamzam IDP Camp
    Sep 2024
    UN Fact-Finding Mission: Both Sides Committed 'Appalling' Abuses
    Jan 2024
    IPC Warns Sudan on Brink of Famine
    Feb 2024
    RSF Captures All Four Southern Darfur State Capitals
    Feb 2025
    RSF Announces Plans for Parallel Government
    Jun 2024
    SAF Airstrikes Strike RSF Positions in Omdurman
    Mar 2024
    RSF Extends Control Across Gezira State
    Jul 2024
    UN Sanctions Monitors Name UAE as RSF Weapons Supplier
    2024
    Healthcare System Near-Collapse Across War Zones
    SAF Counteroffensive (Sep 2024–Mar 2025)
    Sep 2024
    SAF Launches Coordinated Khartoum Counteroffensive
    Jan 2025
    SAF Retakes Bahri and Omdurman; Expels RSF from North Khartoum
    Jan 7, 2025
    US Formally Designates RSF Genocide in Darfur
    Oct 2024
    SAF Drone Strikes Shift Battle for Khartoum
    Jan 2025
    SAF Recaptures Wad Madani, Gezira State Capital
    Feb 2025
    SAF Breaks RSF Siege of El Obeid, North Kordofan Capital
    Mar 2025
    SAF Announces Recapture of Khartoum Proper
    Ongoing War & Darfur Genocide (Oct 2025–Present)
    Oct 2025
    El Fasher Falls — RSF Completes Darfur Conquest
    Oct 29, 2025
    RSF Kills at Least 1,500 in El Fasher Post-Capture Massacres
    Apr 2025
    RSF Launches Full-Scale Assault on Zamzam IDP Camp
    Feb 2026
    UN Fact-Finding Mission: El Fasher Shows 'Hallmarks of Genocide'
    Feb 2025
    WFP Temporarily Halts Food Distribution to Zamzam Camp
    2025
    UN Security Council Calls for Ceasefire; Arms Embargo Blocked
    2025
    Sudan Splits: Two Rival Governments Assert Sovereignty
    Mar 2026
    Battles for Kordofan Continue as War Enters Third Year
    SAF-RSF War 2023–
    Mar 4, 2026
    SAF Drone Strike Kills 50 at Al-Muglad Market and Hospital, West Kordofan
    Mar 7, 2026
    SAF Drone Strikes on Abu Zabad and Wad Banda Markets Kill at Least 40
    Mar 9, 2026
    RSF Drone Strikes Kosti University Dormitory, White Nile State
    Mar 10, 2026
    SAF Drone Kills 50 Civilians in Al-Sunut Lorry Strike, West Kordofan
    Mar 11, 2026
    RSF Drone Kills 17 at Shukeiri School and Health Clinic, White Nile State
    Mar 12, 2026
    Drone Strike Near Sudan-Chad Border Kills 4, Injures Many
    Mar 13, 2026
    SAF Drone Kills 11 at Adikong Market, West Darfur
    Mar 16, 2026
    RSF Recaptures Bara and Seizes Karnoi; SAF Repels Dilling Assault
    Mar 16, 2026
    OHCHR: 200+ Civilians Killed by Drones Since March 4 in Kordofan and White Nile
    Mar 18, 2026
    RSF Drone Kills 17 in Chadian Border Town of Tine During Ramadan Iftar
    Mar 20, 2026
    Hospital Strike on Eid al-Fitr Kills 64 in Al Daein, East Darfur
    Mar 21, 2026
    WHO Confirms 64 Killed in Al Daein Hospital Strike; International Condemnation Mounts
    Mar 21, 2026
    RSF Drone Strikes Ad Dabbah, Northern State; 6 Killed, Electricity Infrastructure Damaged
    Mar 22, 2026
    Drone Strike Kills 23 on Civilian Convoy in Ed Daein, East Darfur
    Mar 22, 2026
    Daily Drone Strikes on Kordofan Markets and Health Facilities
    Mar 22, 2026
    OHCHR: RSF Violations in El Fasher Capture Amount to War Crimes
    Mar 22, 2026
    Two Famines Declared; 400,000 Facing Starvation
    Mar 23, 2026
    RSF and SPLM-N Capture Kurmuk; Roseires Dam and Ed Damazin Threatened in Blue Nile Offensive
    Mar 23, 2026
    SAF Drones Strike Lagawa, West Kordofan; At Least 15 Killed, 23 Wounded in Residential Areas
    Mar 23, 2026
    Chadian Forces Shoot Civilians at Um Dukhun Border; 5 Killed, 14 Injured on Eid al-Fitr
    Mar 24, 2026
    UN Report: Sudan Hospital Strikes Highlight Drone Warfare Surge; 2,000+ Killed in Healthcare Attacks
    Mar 25, 2026
    RSF Massacre 16 Civilians in El Fasher; Raoul Wallenberg Centre Documents 40+ Razed Villages
    Mar 26, 2026
    SAF Drones Strike Sarf Umra Market and Government HQ, North Darfur; Civilian Casualties
    Mar 26, 2026
    RSF-SPLM-N Alliance Advances Toward Ed Damazin After Kurmuk Fall; Roseires Dam at Risk
    Mar 26, 2026
    SAF Drone Strikes Civilian Vehicle in Al-Rahad, North Kordofan — 6 Killed, 12 Injured
    Mar 26, 2026
    New UN Envoy Haavisto Meets Burhan in Port Sudan; No Ceasefire Agreement
    Mar 27, 2026
    SAF Drone Strikes Funeral in Al Sunut, West Kordofan — 7 Killed, 39 Wounded
    Mar 27, 2026
    SAF Drone Strikes Zalingei, Hits IDP Camp Khamsa Daqaiq in Central Darfur
    Mar 27, 2026
    Second SAF Strike on Lagawa Kills 15 in West Kordofan
    Mar 28, 2026
    RSF-SPLM-N Launch Major Assault on Dilling, South Kordofan; Residential Areas Shelled
    Mar 28, 2026
    425+ Families Flee Geissan (Blue Nile) Amid RSF-SPLM-N Military Buildup; Roseires Dam Fears Grow
    Mar 28, 2026
    SAF Drone Strikes Continue on Zalingei, Central Darfur; IDP Camp Areas Hit
    Mar 29, 2026
    RSF-SPLM-N Shelling Kills 14 Civilians Including 5 Children in Dilling; Sudan Doctors Warn of El Fasher-Scale Catastrophe
    Mar 29, 2026
    US Pushes UNSC Humanitarian Ceasefire Resolution; UN Sanctions Hemedti's Brother and 3 RSF Commanders
    Mar 30, 2026
    Dilling Siege Enters Day 3; Habila Road Remains Severed as Commodities Disappear
    Mar 30, 2026
    RSF 'Shifts Ambitions to South' After Blue Nile Gains; Geissan Faces Imminent Assault Threat
    Mar 30, 2026
    UN: Sudan Drone Strikes on Civilians Mark Sharp Increase; Al Sunut Funeral Strike Confirmed
    Mar 31, 2026
    MSF Report: 3,396 Sexual Violence Survivors Treated in Darfur; RSF Using Rape as Weapon of War
    Mar 31, 2026
    SAF Reports Repelling Fresh RSF-SPLM-N Attack in Blue Nile; Fighting Continues Near Geissan
    Mar 31, 2026
    UN World News Brief: 'Deadly Drone Attacks' Underscore Sudan Civilian Crisis
    Apr 1, 2026
    SAF Drone Strike Kills RSF-Aligned Ta'asees Founder Osama Hassan in Nyala; Near-Miss on RSF Premier
    Apr 1, 2026
    UN Welcomes Extension of Adré Border Crossing Through June 2026; 2026 Aid Plan Only 16% Funded
    Apr 1, 2026
    UN: El Obeid Medical Services Suspended, Aid Routes Impassable; Warring Parties Urged to Halt Civilian Attacks
    Apr 2, 2026
    SAF Repels Major RSF Multi-Front Assault on Dalang, South Kordofan
    Apr 2, 2026
    SAF General Burhan Reshuffles Top Military Command; Gen. Atta Appointed Chief of Staff
    Apr 3, 2026
    RSF Drone Strikes Kill 10 at Al-Jabalain Hospital, White Nile State; 7 Medical Staff Among Dead
    Apr 4, 2026
    MSF Issues Formal Condemnation of Al-Jabalain Hospital Drone Strikes; RSF Also Hit Rabak Medical Depot
    Apr 5, 2026
    Sudan SAF Military Intelligence Delegation Holds Security Talks with Libya in Tripoli
    Apr 5, 2026
    RSF-SPLM-N Artillery Shells Dilling Residential Areas; Civilians Killed and Injured
    Apr 6, 2026
    SAF Repels Large-Scale RSF Ground Assault on Wadi al-Hout, North Kordofan
    Apr 7, 2026
    Sudanese Political Factions Escalate Boycott of Third Berlin Conference on Sudan
    Apr 7, 2026
    40,000+ Newly Displaced from El Fasher Area Amid Intensified RSF Attacks
    Apr 8, 2026
    SAF Consolidates Dilling Breakthrough; Road to North Kordofan Fully Secured After Al-Tukma Operations
    Apr 8, 2026
    SAF Drone Strike Kills Senior RSF-Allied Paramilitary Commander in Central Darfur
    Apr 8, 2026
    Berlin Conference Preparatory Talks Finalized for Addis Ababa April 10–12 Amid Deepening Boycott Crisis
    Apr 9, 2026
    Sudanese Delegates Depart for Addis Ababa Pre-Berlin Preparatory Talks; Boycott Factions Confirm Withdrawal
    Apr 9, 2026
    African Union Delegation Completes Khartoum Assessment; Recommends Resumption of AU Mission
    Apr 9, 2026
    Military Sources: 850+ Foreign Mercenaries Backing RSF Including Colombian 'Desert Wolves' Drone Specialists
    Apr 10, 2026
    Drone Strike on Kutum Wedding Kills at Least 30 Including 17 Children; UN Secretary-General Condemns Attack
    Apr 11, 2026
    Berlin Conference Addis Ababa Preparatory Talks Enter Day 2; Amnesty Urges Urgent Action as Sudan Approaches Three-Year Mark
    Apr 12, 2026
    Addis Ababa Preparatory Talks Conclude; Sudan Government Formally Rejects Berlin Conference on Sovereignty Grounds
    Apr 12, 2026
    Burhan Announces Largest SAF Command Reshuffle of the War: 21 Generals Reassigned
    Apr 13, 2026
    NGOs: Millions in Sudan Surviving on One Meal a Day as Food Crisis Deepens
    Apr 14, 2026
    Three babies born into Sudan war every minute, charity warns
    Apr 15, 2026
    Sudan Enters Fourth Year of War as Officials Describe 'Abandoned Crisis'
    Apr 16, 2026
    Berlin Conference Pledges €1.3 Billion for Sudan; SAF Government Condemns Process as Sovereignty Violation
    Apr 16, 2026
    Drone Strikes Kill at Least 44 Civilians in Central Darfur and West Kordofan
    Apr 16, 2026
    Sudan War Enters Fourth Year with Devastating Toll
    Apr 17, 2026
    SAF Drone Strikes Kill 24+ Civilians in Um Dukhun Market (Central Darfur) and North Kordofan in Single Day
    Apr 17, 2026
    Nuba Mountains: A Fragile Refuge on Sudan's Front Line
    Apr 18, 2026
    US Treasury Sanctions Firms Over Colombian Mercenary Recruitment for RSF in Sudan
    Apr 19, 2026
    SAF Intensifies South Kordofan Offensive Along Kadugli-Delling Road; 100+ Civilians Killed in Delling Since February
    Apr 20, 2026
    Disgruntled RSF General Defects to SAF After Desert Escape from North Darfur
    Apr 20, 2026
    Inside Sudan's Only Functioning Tropical Diseases Hospital as Healthcare System Collapses
    Apr 20, 2026
    Drone Strike Kills Three at Sultan Medical Complex in RSF-Held El Geneina, West Darfur
    Apr 20, 2026
    Pakistan Suspends $1.5 Billion Sudan Arms Deal After Saudi Arabia Withdraws Financing
    Apr 21, 2026
    SAF Fourth Infantry Division Recaptures Muqja Station South of Damazin, Pushing Back RSF-SPLM-N Blue Nile Advance
    Apr 21, 2026
    17 Killed in Community Violence in RSF-Held South Darfur as Inter-Communal Tensions Boil Over
    Apr 21, 2026
    Three Detainees Die in RSF-Run Daqris Prison; Facility Holds Up to 12,000 People from Multiple States
    Apr 22, 2026
    UN Relief Chief: 'World Has Failed Sudan' as Civil War Enters Fourth Year; 34 Million Need Aid
    Apr 22, 2026
    Amnesty International: Three Years On, Warring Parties Intensify Brutal War on Civilians with 700+ Killed in Drone Strikes in Q1 2026
    Apr 22, 2026
    African Union Delegation Visits Sudan to Assess Conditions for Reopening AU Khartoum Office After 3 Years
    Apr 23, 2026
    Hemedti Sentences Defected RSF General Al-Nour Ahmed Adam to Death in Absentia After Desert Escape to SAF
    Apr 23, 2026
    Sudan's Remote Clinics Run Empty as Iran War Disrupts Global Shipping Routes and Medicine Supply Chains
    Apr 24, 2026
    SAF Launches Coordinated Multi-State Offensive Across 6 States, Claims 10 Tanks and 24 Vehicles Destroyed in 72-Hour Campaign
    Apr 24, 2026
    RSF Drone Strike Kills 13 in El-Obeid Residential House, Including 8 Children
    Apr 24, 2026
    Canada Announces New Humanitarian Assistance Package for Sudan as Crisis Enters Fourth Year
    Apr 24, 2026
    Drone Destroys UNHCR Emergency Shelter Truck in North Darfur, Denying 1,314 Displaced Families Relief
    Apr 25, 2026
    RSF Drone Strike Kills 7, Wounds 22 in El-Obeid Residential Neighborhoods
    Apr 26, 2026
    Khartoum Resumes Exhumation of War Victims: 93 Sets of Remains Transferred from Jabra Block 18 and Land Port Terminal
    Apr 27, 2026
    SAF Drone Strike Kills 6 at Al-Hamidiyah Displacement Camp Near Zalingei, Central Darfur
    Apr 27, 2026
    Sudan Doctors Network: RSF Detains 2,377 in El Fasher Including 426 Children, 370 Women, 22 Doctors in Deplorable Conditions
    Apr 28, 2026
    Measles Outbreak Kills 70, Infects 1,000 in Labado Displacement Area, East Darfur Since March 2026
    Apr 28, 2026
    Fire at Central Darfur Displacement Camp Kills 4 Including Children, Injures 12
    Apr 29, 2026
    RSF Drone Wave Strikes SAF Military Positions in White Nile State: 18th Infantry Division HQ and Kenana Airbase Targeted
    Apr 30, 2026
    RSF Drone Strike Kills 27, Wounds 73 at SAF Military Base in Singa During High-Level Commanders' Meeting, Sennar State
    May 1, 2026
    RSF Drones Strike Jebel Awliya (South Khartoum), El Obeid, and Rahad al-Nuba on May 1, 2026
    May 2, 2026
    RSF Drone Kills 5 Civilians in Vehicle on Road Toward Omdurman — Jammouiya Triangle, South Khartoum
    May 2, 2026
    RSF Targeted Drone Strike Kills 9–17 Family Members of Sudan Shield Forces Commander Abu Aqla Kaikal in Al Jazirah State
    May 3, 2026
    RSF Drone Strikes Kenana Fuel Station and Industrial Complex, White Nile State
    May 4, 2026
    SAF Airstrike on Balila Market and Water Source Kills 10 in Kurmuk Locality, Blue Nile State
    May 4, 2026
    Gen. Burhan Visits Kaikal Family Compound in Gezira; Sovereign Council Issues Formal Condemnation of RSF Strike
    May 5, 2026
    RSF Drone Targets Khartoum International Airport; SAF Air Defenses Intercept, Airport Closed 72 Hours
    May 5, 2026
    Sudan Accuses UAE and Ethiopia of Orchestrating Khartoum Drone Attacks; Recalls Ambassador, Plans UN Security Council Submission
    May 5, 2026
    RSF Drones Strike Two Fuel Stations in Kosti, White Nile State; 5 Civilians Killed
    May 6, 2026
    Saudi Arabia, Qatar, US, EU Condemn Khartoum Airport Drone Attacks; UAE and Ethiopia Deny Involvement
    May 7, 2026
    Khartoum Airport Remains Closed Day 3; Sudan Pursues UN Security Council Action on Drone Evidence Package
    May 7, 2026
    RSF Drone Campaign Continues Across Sudan; Near-Daily Strikes Hit SAF-Controlled Areas
    May 8, 2026
    Sudan Deploys Troops and Anti-Aircraft Systems to Ethiopian Border Zones as Confrontation Escalates
    May 8, 2026
    UN and UK Condemn RSF Drone Attacks on Khartoum Airport as Closure Enters Fourth Day; Sudan PM Visits Site
    May 8, 2026
    Sudan War Enters Fourth Year: Analysts Project $34.5B GDP Loss and 34 Million More in Extreme Poverty if Conflict Continues to 2030
    May 8, 2026
    RSF Drone Strikes Home of Military-Allied Commander Near Khartoum: 15 Killed
    May 8, 2026
    RSF Drone Strikes Kill 26 Civilians in Al Quz (South Kordofan) and Near El Obeid (North Kordofan)
    May 8, 2026
    RSF Forces Mass Near Libya-Egypt-Sudan Border Triangle, Signaling Potential New Strategic Axis
    May 9, 2026
    Khartoum International Airport Reopens: Badr Airlines Resumes Flights After 4-Day RSF Drone-Forced Closure
    May 9, 2026
    SAF Drone Strikes Market in Abu Zaima, North Kordofan: 5 Killed
    May 10, 2026
    Tarco Aviation and Sudanair Restore Khartoum Flights; First Day Three Sudanese Carriers Simultaneously Serve Capital Since War Began
    May 10, 2026
    SAF Drone Strikes Target RSF Positions in Nyala, South Darfur; First of Two Consecutive Days of Strikes
    May 10, 2026
    Sudan Civil Aviation Authority: War Has Cost Sudan Over $1 Billion in Aviation Revenue Since April 2023
    May 11, 2026
    UN Human Rights Chief Issues High Alert: 880 Civilians Killed by Drone Strikes January–April 2026
    May 11, 2026
    SAF Drone Strikes Hit Nyala Second Consecutive Day; RSF Bayraktar Akıncı UCAV Downed Over Nyala Airport
    May 12, 2026
    Senior RSF Brigadier General El Safana Announces Defection — Third High-Profile Departure in Two Months
    May 12, 2026
    SAF 4th Infantry Division Retakes Al-Kayli Area Near Kurmuk, Blue Nile State
    May 12, 2026
    SAF Drone Strikes Hit Four Sites in Al-Daein (East Darfur) — RSF Commanders' Residences and Civilian Water Source Targeted
    May 13, 2026
    SAF Retakes Al-Hamadi (South Kordofan) and Clears Southern Omdurman Neighborhoods in Dual-Front Advance
    May 13, 2026
    Sudan Declared World's Hungriest Country — Famine Spreading to New Darfur Areas, 19.1 Million at IPC3+
    May 13, 2026
    SAF Drone Strikes Hit Three Sites in El Geneina, West Darfur — 2+ Killed
    May 14, 2026
    EU Imposes Sanctions on Seven Sudan Conflict Principals — Hemedti's Brother and SAF-Allied Commander Among Those Blacklisted
    May 14, 2026
    SAF Airstrikes Hit Al Zorg — Hemedti's Hometown — Killing 64 Civilians, Destroying Hospital
    May 14, 2026
    SAF Government Formally Returns to Khartoum; Central Bank of Sudan Resumes Capital Operations
    May 14, 2026
    US House Foreign Affairs Committee Passes Bipartisan RSF Genocide Resolution 44–2, Calls for Terrorist Designation
    May 15, 2026
    ICG: 'Divided Sudan, Elusive Peace' — Quad Push for 3-Month Humanitarian Truce; SAF Resists Ceasefire Conditions
    May 15, 2026
    Al Jazeera Fault Lines: 'No Exit From El Fasher' — Documentary Documents RSF Atrocities Post-Siege
    May 16, 2026
    SAF 4th Infantry Division Recaptures Khor Hassan — Blue Nile State Advance Continues RSF-SPLM-N Rollback
    May 16, 2026
    IOM: Nearly 50,000 Displaced from Blue Nile State by RSF-SPLM-N Offensive — Displacement Camps Overwhelmed
    May 17, 2026
    SAF Drone Strikes on Nyala Enter Third Consecutive Day — Al-Masane Weapons Depots Targeted as Hemedti Reported in City
    May 17, 2026
    WFP/FAO/UNICEF Joint Report: 19.5 Million Face Acute Food Insecurity in Sudan — Famine Risk Persists Despite Lean-Season Warning
    May 17, 2026
    Washington Post Investigation: Drones Have Transformed Sudan's War — 880+ Civilians Killed in Four Months as Aerial Campaign Intensifies
    May 18, 2026
    SAF Extends Nyala Aerial Campaign to Fourth Consecutive Day — RSF Soldiers Clash at Central Bank Amid Burhan's Derecognition Order
    May 18, 2026
    Al-Burhan Issues Executive Order Formally Derecognizing RSF as State Institution — Hemedti's Removal as TSC Deputy Imminent
    May 19, 2026
    Al-Burhan Signs Decree Formally Removing Hemedti from TSC — Malik Agar Named Deputy as RSF's State Standing Collapses
    May 19, 2026
    SAF Forces Capture Wadi al-Atrun in North Darfur — Strategic Desert Town Severed from RSF Libya Supply Corridor
    May 19, 2026
    SAF Nyala Aerial Campaign Extends to Fifth Day — RSF Cuts City Telecommunications as Pressure Mounts
    May 19, 2026
    Drone Strike on Crowded Market in Ghubaysh Kills 28 — West Kordofan Market Attack Among Deadliest Single Strikes of May 2026
    May 20, 2026
    SAF and RSF Sign Treaty of Jeddah — Warring Parties Commit to Civilian Protection and Humanitarian Access
    May 20, 2026
    SAF Breaks Dilling Siege for Third Time — Al-Takma Recaptured, Dilling–Kadugli Road Reopened
    May 20, 2026
    First Supply Convoy Reaches Famine-Stricken Kadugli Since January — Food Prices Collapse as Civilians Celebrate Road Reopening
    May 20, 2026
    Sudan Security and Defence Council Commends SAF Gains in South Kordofan, Blue Nile, and Darfur — Orders Crackdown on Armed Presence in Cities
    May 21, 2026
    Sudan Begins Ebola Screening at Port Sudan Airport for Arrivals from Uganda — New Public Health Layer on Humanitarian Crisis
    May 21, 2026
    UN Human Rights Chief Issues High-Alert on Sudan Drone Deaths — 880+ Civilians Killed Jan–Apr 2026, Over 80% of All Conflict Deaths
    May 22, 2026
    SAF Declares White Nile State Fully Cleared of RSF — Strategic Milestone as RSF Remnants Retreat to Bara
    May 22, 2026
    RSF/SPLM-N Drone Strike Destroys Dilling Medical Warehouses — Six Injured, Thousands Deprived of Medicines
    May 23, 2026
    SAF Captures Dibebad — Strategic 'Tayba Triangle' Crossroads in South Kordofan Seized; 565 Households Displaced
    May 23, 2026
    SAF Airstrike Destroys RSF-SPLM-N Supply Convoy Near Yabus, Blue Nile State — 5 Killed, 20 Injured
    May 24, 2026
    Drone Strike on Saraf Omra, North Darfur — 22 Killed, 17 Wounded; Second Mass-Casualty Drone Attack on North Darfur Town in Two Months
    May 24, 2026
    RSF Drone Strikes Al Dabbah Power Station — Second Attack on Northern Sudan City; 3 Injured, Widespread Blackouts
    May 25, 2026
    RSF Drone Strike Kills 14 at Al-Tina Border Market — Chad Closes Sudan Frontier in Response
    May 25, 2026
    RSF Drones Target Musa Hilal's Compound in Mustariha, North Darfur — RAC Leaders Killed, Hilal's Son Injured
    May 26, 2026
    Cholera Surge in Khartoum — 2,500 Cases in Three Weeks; Over 1 Million Children at Risk
    May 26, 2026
    SAF Retakes Five Towns in Blue Nile's Qaysan District — RSF/SPLM-N Forces Pushed Toward Ethiopian Border
    May 26, 2026
    IOM Documents 46,000 Newly Displaced in West Kordofan During May 2026
    May 27, 2026
    Burhan Announces Post-RSF Political Dialogue Process on Eid al-Adha — Comprehensive Conference to Build New Sudan Political Structure
    May 27, 2026
    SAF Drone Strikes Target RSF Positions in North Kordofan — Heavy Losses Claimed
    May 28, 2026
    RSF and Arab Militia Massacre Civilians in Misterei, West Darfur — 28 to 97 Masalit Killed
    May 28, 2026
    SAF Drone Strikes Continue Targeting RSF Positions in North Kordofan
    May 29, 2026
    RSF Kills 27 Civilians in al-Murrah Villages West of Barah, North Kordofan — Eid al-Adha Attack
    May 29, 2026
    SAF Continues Drone Interdiction Campaign Across North Kordofan as Kordofan Counteroffensive Advances
    May 30, 2026
    RSF Renews Assault on Al-Murrah Villages Under Communications Blackout, North Kordofan
    May 30, 2026
    RSF Drone Strike Kills 10 on Abu Zabad–Al-Fula Road, West Kordofan
    May 30, 2026
    Pattern of RSF Drone Attacks on El-Obeid Continues — 10–24 Killed on May 29 Including 8 Children
    May 31, 2026
    SAF Air Defenses Intercept RSF Long-Range Drone Over White Nile State
    May 31, 2026
    SAF Launches Drone Strikes on RSF Positions in North Kordofan Following White Nile Drone Interception
    Jun 1, 2026
    Sudan's June–August 2026 Lean Season Emergency Begins — IPC Projects 28.9 Million Acutely Hungry at Peak
    Jun 1, 2026
    UN Security Council June 2026 Sudan Briefing — Month 38 of War, No Sustainable Ceasefire, Drone Warfare Surges
    Jun 1, 2026
    Drone Strike Near Kabum, South Darfur Kills 12 — Attribution Disputed Amid Tribal Clashes
    Jun 2, 2026
    Al-Murrah North Kordofan Massacre: Confirmed Death Toll Rises to 60 Civilians
    Jun 2, 2026
    Sudan PM Kamil Idris Inspects Port Sudan Airport, Issues Infrastructure Directives
    Jun 3, 2026
    Battle of Al-Baraka: SAF and RSF-SPLM-N Trade Competing Claims Over Blue Nile Garrison Town
    Jun 3, 2026
    Sudan Justice Minister Condemns RSF 'War Crimes' in North Kordofan Villages; RSF Drone Hits El-Obeid Administration Buildings
    Jun 3, 2026
    South Darfur Tribal Violence Kills 50+ in Kubum Area; RSF Accused of Arming Factions
    Jun 4, 2026
    Al-Baraka Battle Day 2: SAF Commander Claims Recapture, RSF Footage Disputed
    Jun 4, 2026
    Sudanese Refugees in Libya Face Escalating Threats as Anti-Foreigner Sentiment Surges
    Jun 5, 2026
    SAF Drone Strikes Claim Heavy RSF Losses in North Kordofan; SAF Intercepts RSF Drone Over White Nile
    Jun 5, 2026
    RSF Launches Coordinated Drone Campaign: Omdurman, Ed Damazin, and Abu Jubeiha Simultaneously Targeted
    Jun 6, 2026
    Drone Strike on Abu Zaeima Market Kills 11 in North Kordofan; Concurrent RSF Strike Wounds 4 at El-Obeid Fuel Station
    Jun 6, 2026
    RSF Drone Strikes El-Obeid Fuel Station, North Kordofan — 4 Wounded

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    Source Tier Classification
    Tier 1 — Primary/Official
    CENTCOM, IDF, White House, IAEA, UN, IRNA, Xinhua official statements
    Tier 2 — Major Outlet
    Reuters, AP, CNN, BBC, Al Jazeera, Xinhua, CGTN, Bloomberg, WaPo, NYT
    Tier 3 — Institutional
    Oxford Economics, CSIS, HRW, HRANA, Hengaw, NetBlocks, ICG, Amnesty
    Tier 4 — Unverified
    Social media, unattributed military claims, unattributed video, diaspora accounts
    Multi-Pole Sourcing
    Events are sourced from four global media perspectives to surface contrasting narratives
    W
    Western
    White House, CENTCOM, IDF, State Dept, Reuters, AP, BBC, CNN, NYT, WaPo
    ME
    Middle Eastern
    Al Jazeera, IRNA, Press TV, Tehran Times, Al Arabiya, Al Mayadeen, Fars News
    E
    Eastern
    Xinhua, CGTN, Global Times, TASS, Kyodo News, Yonhap
    I
    International
    UN, IAEA, ICRC, HRW, Amnesty, WHO, OPCW, CSIS, ICG