military
Battle of Waterloo — Napoleon's Final Defeat
Napoleon is decisively defeated by the Duke of Wellington's Allied army and the Prussian forces at Waterloo, Belgium. This engagement ends the Hundred Days of Napoleon's return from Elba and leads to his second abdication (June 22) and permanent exile to Saint Helena. The Battle of Waterloo reshapes European politics through the Congress of Vienna settlement that contains France for a generation.
Sources
- T1 Despatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington (official) Official western
- T3 John Keegan, The Face of Battle Institutional western