Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Russia (now Bolshevik) signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers, ending the war on the Eastern Front. Russia ceded Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, and the Transcaucasus—losing a third of European Russia, a third of its agricultural land, and half its industry. The harsh terms alarmed Western governments and provided a template for what Germany might impose on France. The treaty was annulled by Germany's defeat eight months later.